# Exploratory data analysis with categorical data

The inspecdf package as a tool for descriptive analysis

It is a common task to find datasets which have different types of variables, and they could be numeric, time data, or even categorical. The inspectdf package offers a set of functions to analyze the behavior of this kind of data.

First of all, we have to install the package.

library(devtools)
install_github("alastairrushworth/inspectdf")

When we installed the package, it is necessary to load it. We do the same with dplyr package, especially for use the pipe %>%.

library(inspectdf)
library(dplyr)

For this example, the dataset starwars will be used. This dataset is in dplyr package and which has data from various characters in this cinematographic universe.

starwars %>%
head()
## # A tibble: 6 x 14
##   name  height  mass hair_color skin_color eye_color birth_year sex   gender
##   <chr>  <int> <dbl> <chr>      <chr>      <chr>          <dbl> <chr> <chr>
## 1 Luke~    172    77 blond      fair       blue            19   male  mascu~
## 2 C-3PO    167    75 <NA>       gold       yellow         112   none  mascu~
## 3 R2-D2     96    32 <NA>       white, bl~ red             33   none  mascu~
## 4 Dart~    202   136 none       white      yellow          41.9 male  mascu~
## 5 Leia~    150    49 brown      light      brown           19   fema~ femin~
## 6 Owen~    178   120 brown, gr~ light      blue            52   male  mascu~
## # ... with 5 more variables: homeworld <chr>, species <chr>, films <list>,
## #   vehicles <list>, starships <list>

### Tabular exploratory data analysis

The inspectdf package allows you to calculate some descriptive statistics quickly for any variable using theinspect_types()function.

starwars %>%
inspect_types()
## # A tibble: 4 x 4
##   type        cnt  pcnt col_name
##   <chr>     <int> <dbl> <named list>
## 1 character     8 57.1  <chr [8]>
## 2 list          3 21.4  <chr [3]>
## 3 numeric       2 14.3  <chr [2]>
## 4 integer       1  7.14 <chr [1]>

The previous result shows that there are seven variables of type character, which represents 53.84% of the dataset. Also, there are two numerical variables, which represent 15.38%. The above is useful for a first look, but it is interesting to go a little further and describe all the variables in more detail. For this, the inspect_cat () function could be useful.

starwars %>%
inspect_cat()
## # A tibble: 8 x 5
##   col_name     cnt common    common_pcnt levels
##   <chr>      <int> <chr>           <dbl> <named list>
## 1 eye_color     15 brown           24.1  <tibble [15 x 3]>
## 2 gender         3 masculine       75.9  <tibble [3 x 3]>
## 3 hair_color    13 none            42.5  <tibble [13 x 3]>
## 4 homeworld     49 Naboo           12.6  <tibble [49 x 3]>
## 5 name          87 Ackbar           1.15 <tibble [87 x 3]>
## 6 sex            5 male            69.0  <tibble [5 x 3]>
## 7 skin_color    31 fair            19.5  <tibble [31 x 3]>
## 8 species       38 Human           40.2  <tibble [38 x 3]>

The inspect_cat () function shows in the first column the name of the variable, in the second one the number of unique values it contains, that is, the variable * eye_color * has 15 different levels, or what is the same, there are 15 colors and different eyes in the database. The third column shows the most common value that appears in the variable; for example, the most common species that appear in the dataset are humans. The fourth column indicates the percentage that represents the most common level; for example, the brown eyes represent 24.13% of all the colors present in the data. So what does the fifth column represent? Well, it is a list with the proportions of each level of the variable. Consider the * df * object from the previous result.

df <- starwars %>%
inspect_cat()
df$levels$eye_color
## # A tibble: 15 x 3
##    value           prop   cnt
##    <chr>          <dbl> <int>
##  1 brown         0.241     21
##  2 blue          0.218     19
##  3 yellow        0.126     11
##  4 black         0.115     10
##  5 orange        0.0920     8
##  6 red           0.0575     5
##  7 hazel         0.0345     3
##  8 unknown       0.0345     3
##  9 blue-gray     0.0115     1
## 10 dark          0.0115     1
## 11 gold          0.0115     1
## 12 green, yellow 0.0115     1
## 13 pink          0.0115     1
## 14 red, blue     0.0115     1
## 15 white         0.0115     1

The table above shows the proportion of each eye color. The same applies to any of the other variables.

### Graphical exploratory data analysis

Sometimes the numerical values are not easy to interpret it, either due to a quantity of data or due to visual issues. The inspectdf package also graphically allows for exploratory data analysis.

df %>%
show_plot()

The previous result contains the same information as the df object, but now it is easier, faster, and even easier to interpret. However, this result can be improved, because the variable * name * does not work much in the graph because all the names are different. It can solve by modifying the argument high_cardinality, which means that only those categories that appear a certain number of times say four will be in the plot.

df %>%
show_plot(high_cardinality = 4)

Finally, if the colors are not entirely pleasant, they can be manipulated through the five color palettes offered by the package, we only have to modify the col_palette argument with numbers between one and five to achieve this.

df %>%
show_plot(high_cardinality = 4, col_palette = 4)

df %>%
show_plot(high_cardinality = 4, col_palette = 5)